An example applying the variable threshold method to the event observed on 22:00 December 15 to 02:40 December 16, 2015, is given in Figure 10. Second, as the known range of radar reflectivity of rainfall is much wide and includes that of the snowfall, simply a fixed radar reflectivity value may not be useful to map the snowy region [10]. The result shows that the snowy mountain top can be seen from December to the beginning of March in Jeju Island. Change of the snow coverage over Jeju Island from November 1, 2014, to February 25, 2015, determined by applying the variable threshold method. Updated with a new high-resolution map of Oahu. The difference between the two may give us an idea of separating the snowfall from rainfall. Guide of Hawaii, LLC is a privately-owned (non-government) business. The radar reflectivity data were collected for the winter period from the year 2007 to 2016. Fortunately, two radars (Seongsan and Gosan radars) operate on Jeju Island, which fully covers Hallasan Mountain. The results are summarized as follows. Kāneʻohe Ranch reported 247 straight days with rain from August 27, 1993 to April 30, 1994. Therefore, large snowfalls in the mountain and rainfall in the coastal areas are very common in Jeju Island. Next, this study attempted to map the snowy region with a fixed threshold of the radar reflectivity value of 30 dBZ to the radar reflectivity data measured over Jeju Island from November 1, 2014, to April 30, 2015. The shape of the island is elliptical, with a major axis length of 73 km along the east–west direction and a minor axis length of 31 km along the north–south direction. As an example, Figure 8 shows the mapping results from 22:00 December 15 to 02:40 December 16, 2015. It’s an interactive map of Oahu hikes on Google Maps, so go ahead and explore! The behavior of snowfall in space is random, and also the mapping result lacks the physical consistency with the atmospheric temperature. Posted on November 2, 2019 October 24, 2019 by admin. However, the intercept, which is related to parameter A, is found to be very different from each other. Thus, in this study, to consider this behavior of the radar reflectivity, another method was proposed to additionally consider the rain rate data measured at each ground rain gauge station. In this study, the concept of a contingency table was used to determine the threshold value of the radar reflectivity to separate the rainfall and snowfall conditions. Mahalo! The range of overlapping radar reflectivity for both the rainfall and snowfall was found to be between 24 and 42 dBZ. Jeju Island is located in the southernmost region of the Korean Peninsula. 2021 Hawaii Travel Guide. Lots of visitors have asked we put a few Oahu Maps online - and now we have. For the rainfall case, radar reflectivity data were distributed over a range of 20 to 50 dBZ but for the snowfall over the range of 30 to 55 dBZ. In this table, has the relation with Z such as . As can be seen in Figure 6, the mean of the radar reflectivity for the rainfall was 26.1 dBZ and that, for the snowfall case, was 41.8 dBZ. Similarly, as the threshold for rainfall, the lower bound of the 95% confidence interval of the Z-R relationship was used. Franko's Oahu Guide Map! However, its possibility (or the probability) is totally different. The data source must be prominently stated whenever presenting these data in any form or any product derived in whole or part from these data. Guide of Hawaii, LLC is a privately-owned (non-government) business. On the contrary, the range of parameter A of the Z-S relationship is 160∼3,300 and that for the parameter b is 1.09∼2.21; that is, the ranges of parameter A are very different, but those of parameter b are similar to each other. Also, the guideline from the Korean Meteorological Administration (KMA) shows that the precipitation is assumed to be snowfall if the temperature is lower than 1.2°C [9]. In 1990, the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) started to introduce automated weather stations (AWSs) in Jeju Island [23]. The view of Diamond Head from Magic Island in Honolulu. Seo, J. P. Breidenbach, and E. R. Johnson, “Real-time estimation of mean field bias in radar rainfall data,”, S. Chumchean, A. Additionally, the cross stripes represent the mixed rainfall and snowfall. The monthly variation of the threshold value was not considered in this study, as it was found to be very small in the analysis in the previous section. Includes most major attractions, all major routes, airports, and a chart with Oahu & Honolulu estimated driving times. The North Shore gets slightly more annual precipitation, but we wouldn’t really let that deter us from visiting the North Shore — even in the rainiest months. Hallasan Mountain is located at the center of Jeju Island, and it sits at a height of 1,950 m. Hallasan Mountain has a gentle slope of about 3° along the east–west direction, but a steeper slope of about 5° along the north–south direction (Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, http://www.jeju.go.kr). When data were available from both radar systems, their arithmetic mean was calculated to make the representative reflectivity. These links do not cost you anything and help provide the necessary funding to maintain this website. All partners and related links comply with our Advertising Disclosures. © Copyright 2021 — Guide of US, LLC. Updated with a new high-resolution map of Oahu. Oahu map showing Go Visit Hawaii's coverage of hotels, activities and sight seeing. In most cases, the data collected in the coastal area are for the rainfall and those in the mountain area the snowfall. Most people travel to Hawaii for the beaches but there is plenty to see when you head into the rain forests and mountains of Hawaii too. In the second section, the Z-R and Z-S relationships are reviewed to derive their difference. This method also showed good performance, especially when the rain rate was very low. Copyright © 2019 Jung Mo Ku and Chulsang Yoo. Based on above results, the proposed method in this study based on the variable threshold value of radar reflectivity considering the observed rain rate could be confirmed to be effective when applied to map the snowy region. Routine Products. If adding the area for the mixed rainfall and snowfall, the snowy region becomes much larger than that in the previous case. By applying this fixed threshold value, the accuracy deteriorates slightly, as shown in Figure 7. In some places it rains, but in other places, maybe in high-elevation areas, it can snow. In this example, the snowfall approached from the west or northwest to Jeju Island, which also scattered snowfall mostly on the rising limb of Hallasan Mountain. First, in this study, the threshold values were estimated again using the observed radar and rain gauge data by additionally considering the rain rate (or the snow rate). This website's use is your expressly conditioned acceptance of the terms, conditions, and disclaimers found within our Disclaimer of Warranty and Limitation of Liability page without any modifications. KMA operates the Gosan radar and Seongsan radar in Jeju Island. A total of 21 AWSs data were used in Jeju Island during the same period. So click on an icon to find out what’s there, and you’ll also find a link to take you to more planning details! The radar reflectivity data that were used were captured from November to April from 2007 to 2016. -Filesize is 2.2 MB as a print-ready PDF document. However, the application of this threshold value did not show any satisfactory results. This figure shows that the threshold values that were determined monthly were more or less the same at most elevation zones except for the elevation zone of 250∼500 m. Even in the elevation zone of 250∼500 m, the threshold value remained similarly from November to February, but it increased a bit from March. This work was supported by the “Basic Science Research Program,” through the National Research Foundation of Korea, funded by the Ministry of Education (NRF-2016R1D1A1A09918155), and the Korea Environment Industry & Technology Institute (KEITI) of the Korea Ministry of Environment (MOE) through “Advanced Water Management Research Program” (79615). A flash flood warning for the island of Oahu expired earlier this evening. 2. Honolulu Weather Forecasts. Franko's Oahu Guide Map, With Things to See and Do is a guide and a map of the island of Oahu all in one! We are committed to sharing findings related to COVID-19 as quickly as possible. It is obvious that the accuracy of the rainfall prediction increases as the threshold value decreases. Need Help Welcome to the Harris County Flood Warning System. As the largest city in Hawaii and the state capital, Honolulu is a vibrant tropical city with everything from historical landmarks to fine dining to designer shopping. A rain gauge, or rain gage, measures the amount of liquid precipitation (as opposed to solid precipitation that is measured by a snow gauge) at a particular location. See the Month-Year Maps … Find all the books, read about the author, and more. Locations of rain gauges over Jeju Island and two radars located at Gosan and Seongsan, Jeju Island. In between the two thresholds, a zone of the mixed rainfall and snowfall was assumed. If you do not agree with any part of these terms and conditions, you should not use this website. See search results for this author. These kinds of maps are best explored from a computer! We used to recommend the Nelles Map Hawaii: Honolulu – Oahu, but it doesn’t appear that this map is still in print. Major specification of the Gosan and Seongsan radars. This proposed method was applied to radar reflectivity data collected during November 1, 2014, to April 30, 2015, and the results indicate that the method considering both the radar and rain gauge information was satisfactory. In this figure, the symbol “○” represents the threshold values, and the symbol “□” represents the average accuracy. Since the rain rate during the winter was so low, only four ranges of the rain rate could be considered, which are 0∼3.0 mm/hr, 3.0∼6.0 mm/hr, 6.0∼9.0 mm/hr, and 9.0∼12.0 mm/hr. This is one of the most popular beaches in the world with more than 4 million sunblock-laden beachgoers every year. The map is created using a network of rain gauges, so no data is available over the water. In addition, applying the variable threshold method was also found to be advantageous, especially when the rain rate was very low. Shoothill GaugeMap is an interactive map and alerting service with the latest river level data from over 2,400 Environment Agency, SEPA and OPW river level gauges in England and Wales. During winter, from December to February, the mean temperature in the coastal area is around 6.5∼7.3°C, but that in the mountain area decreases to around −2.3∼1.0°C. Your Oahu Guide; Vagobond Travel Videos; Vagobond Podcast Adventures; About Vagobond; Home; 5 Rainforest Hikes Near Honolulu, Hawaii on Oahu. Trademarks and brands are the property of their respective owners. Jeju Island is a volcanic island composed of about 360 small-scale volcanoes and volcanic cones [1]. Jeff Livingston (Author) 4.8 out of 5 stars 8 ratings. First, this study will analyze the Z-R and Z-S relationships reported so far worldwide to characterize their difference. * Hawaii-Guide.com is not a booking agent, accommodation provider, establishment, or tour operator. The log-log scale was used in this figure, so all relationships are shown linearly over the Z-R and Z-S planes. Halla,”. All mean map products use the 30 year base period 1978-2007. Similar to the Z-R relationship to estimate the radar rain rate from the radar reflectivity, the so-called Z-S relationship is used to estimate the radar snow rate [15]. There are two main roads in Jeju Island: one is the beltway along the sea shore and the other an expressway that connects two big cities, Jeju City and Seogwipo City, in Jeju Island. Even though this is a case study over Jeju Island, Korea, the same methodology may be applied anywhere with a similar environment. Below you'll find a few maps of Oahu Hawaii that we've put together, including our updated Oahu Travel Map Packet that includes an new high-resolution map! The two relationships are markedly different in their proportional constants, i.e., the proportional constant of the Z-S relationship is generally much larger than that of the Z-R relationship. Obviously, the variable threshold method showed a superior performance to classify the rainfall and snowfall. Rain gauges in the mountainous area can measure snowfall according to water depth, but it is not easy to distinguish snowfall from rainfall. We should point out that even in the wettest locations on Oahu (on the East Coast along the Koolau Range), rain is hit and miss. Below you'll find a few maps of Oahu Hawaii that we've put together, including our updated Oahu Travel Map Packet that includes an new high-resolution map! Learn about the best time to visit Oahu →. So the problem is that the range between the obvious rainfall and obvious snowfall is too wide. By changing the threshold value of the radar reflectivity, the average accuracy of rainfall and snowfall predictions as well as their difference was calculated. With a height of 1,950 m, Hallasan Mountain is known to have a strong orographic precipitation. Are you an author? In general, Oahu is usually much drier on the west side of the island (the leeward side) than the east side (the windward side), so you will find most of the greener landscape along the coastal areas to the east. For the case of using both the radar and rain gauge information, the threshold radar reflectivity was determined to be proportional to the rain rate. Table 1 introduces some Z-R relationships collected from past studies and reports worldwide. The results are summarized in Figure 7. This is mainly because Hallasan Mountain is located at the center of Jeju Island. These data were used to produce a composite field at each elevation. 22.186111 -159.399722 :kueh1/puu kaele reservoir near kilauea 21.072778 -156.950833 … Different from previous results in Figure 8, Figure 10 shows somewhat distinct features. Interactive weather map allows you to pan and zoom to get unmatched weather details in your local neighborhood or half a world away from The Weather Channel and Weather.com The radar data and ground data used in this study were collected from the Korean Meteorological Administration (https://data.kma.go.kr). Accurately predicting the snowline is thus important, especially where the rainfall and snowfall simultaneously occur. This data is not quality controlled, and the map may not be accurate, particularly in areas where there are few gauges. This study used the concept of a confidence interval to summarize the Z-R relationships and Z-S relationships. On the contrary, the temperature on the coastal areas remains just above freezing. More information & alert signup. Third, the behavior of a snow storm, i.e., directional property of the snowfall movement, could be clearly identified. Accumulated rainfall (mm) from 0800 to 1800 HST 2 Apr 2006 measured by Oahu rain gauges (blue) and simulated by WRF at the corresponding gauge location (red). Oahu's Narrow-Gauge Navy Rail (Images of Rail) Paperback – September 15, 2014 by Jeff Livingston (Author) › Visit Amazon's Jeff Livingston Page. This relation was proposed in [22] for melted snowflakes. 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